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8. RESTRUCTURING, IMPAIRMENT AND PLANT CLOSING COSTSÌý

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As ofÌý March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued restructuringÌýand plant closing costs, primarily related to workforce reductions,Ìýconsisted of the following (dollars in millions):

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As ofÌý March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accrued restructuringÌýand plant closing costs by segment consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

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Details with respect to cash and noncash restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs from continuing operations for theÌýthree months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are provided below (dollars in millions):

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Restructuring Activities

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Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2024, our Polyurethanes segment implemented a restructuring program to reduce organizational structure costs. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $2Ìýmillion for theÌýthree months ended March 31, 2025, primarily related to accelerated depreciation. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $14Ìýmillion through 2027, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and site closures.

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Beginning in the first quarter of 2024, our Advanced Materials segment implemented a restructuring program to optimize the segment’s manufacturing processes and cost structure in the U.S. to better align with future market opportunities. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $1Ìýmillion and $8 millionÌýduring the three months endedÌý March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily related to accelerated depreciation and workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $7Ìýmillion through 2027, primarily related to accelerated depreciation.

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Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022, we implemented a restructuring program to further realign our cost structure with additional restructuring in Europe. This program wasÌýassociated with all of our segments and includedÌýexiting and consolidating certain facilities, workforce relocation to lower cost locations and further personnel rationalization. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $2Ìýmillion during theÌýthreeÌýmonths endedÌý March 31, 2024,Ìýprimarily related to site closures.Ìý

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