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7. RESTRUCTURING, IMPAIRMENT AND PLANT CLOSING COSTS

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As ofÌý June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, accrued restructuring costs by type of cost and initiative consisted of the following (dollars in millions):

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Details with respect to our reserves for restructuring, impairment and plant closing costs by segment and initiative are provided below (dollars in millions):

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Details with respect to cash and noncash restructuring charges from continuing operations for theÌýthree and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are provided below (dollars in millions):

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Restructuring Activities

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Beginning in the first quarter of 2021, our Corporate function implemented aÌýrestructuring program to optimize our global approach to leveraging shared services capabilities. During the second quarter of 2022, this program was further expanded to include additional geographies.ÌýIn connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $17Ìýmillion and $15Ìýmillion in the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $5Ìýmillion through 2023.

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Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, our Polyurethanes segment implemented a restructuring program to optimize its downstream footprint. During the second quarter of 2022, this optimization program was further expanded to include the entire Polyurethanes business. In connection with this restructuring program, we recorded net restructuring expense of approximately $7Ìýmillion and $6Ìýmillion in the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily related to workforce reductions. We expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $9Ìýmillion through the end of 2023.

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Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, our Advanced Materials segment implemented restructuring programs in connection with the CVC Thermoset Specialties Acquisition,Ìýthe alignment of the segment’s commercial organization and optimization of the segment’s manufacturing processes. There were no significant restructuring costs incurred during both theÌýsix months ended June 30, 2022Ìýand 2021.ÌýWe expect to record further restructuring expenses of approximately $8ÌýÌýmillion through the end of 2023.

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